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Infants and Toddlers not Immune to Mental Illness

Although infants and toddlers can suffer serious mental health disorders, they are unlikely to get treatment that can prevent lasting developmental problems.

Although infants and toddlers can suffer serious mental health disorders, these patients are unlikely to receive treatment that could prevent lasting developmental problems, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.

One barrier to mental health care for young children is “the pervasive, but mistaken, impression that young children do not develop mental health problems and are immune to the effects of early adversity and trauma because they are inherently resilient and ‘grow out of’ behavioral problems and emotional difficulties,” according to researchers Joy D. Osofsky, PhD, of Louisiana State University, and Alicia F. Lieberman, PhD, of the University of California, San Francisco.

In an article published in American Psychologist as part of a special section examining the lack of mental health care for children from birth to age five, the authors explore how infants develop mental health problems, recommend improvements in diagnostic criteria, and outline public policy opportunities for psychologists and policy makers.

Contrary to traditional beliefs that infants cannot have mental health problems “because they lack mental life,” even young infants can react to the meaning of others’ intentions and emotions because they have their own rudimentary intentions and motivating emotions, according to an article by Tronick and Marjorie Beeghly, PhD, of Wayne State University. While trauma can be a significant factor in developing mental health issues, the authors encourage more study of the impact of everyday life and continual interactions between infants and parents or other caregivers.

Because early childhood mental health has very few practitioners, it is often difficult for parents or children’s programs to find help when they think it is needed, according to Osofsky and Lieberman. If they do find such help, “the cost of preventive services or treatments for children under the age of three years may not be covered by insurance or other resources,” according to another American Psychologist paper.

The papers emphasize the importance of creating and integrating services for parents and caregivers of young children so they can recognize mental health issues in infants and are able to find help.

Mental health risks to infants are magnified by the fact that “the youngest children, from birth to age five, suffer disproportionately high rates of maltreatment with long-term consequences for mental and physical health, pediatric health, and child care providers seldom identify or refer children under five years old to mental health services,” according to Osofsky and Lieberman. The study cites HHS statistics from 2008 and 2010 showing that 79.8% of the children who died from abuse and neglect were younger than four years old, and that the first year of life is the most dangerous. The paper also examines the impact of poverty and points out that previous studies have revealed that “one in five children in poverty has a diagnosable mental health disorder.”

Among the researchers’ recommendations:

  • Expand early screening for infants and toddlers to detect mental health issues, such as relationship disorders, depression and self-regulation problems.
  • Train professionals in mental health, pediatrics, early childhood education, child welfare and other related professions to recognize risk factors, and ensure that undergraduate, graduate and continuing professional education include content on infant mental health.
  • Integrate infant mental health consultations into programs for parents, child care, early education, well-child health services and home-based services.
  • Address insurance and Medicaid payment policies to provide coverage for prevention and treatment of mental health issues for infants and toddlers.

Source: American Psychological Association

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