Endocrinology

In type 2 diabetes patients selected for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the highest overall risk of mortality.

Some patients who have had type 1 diabetes for decades can still produce C-peptide and respond to hyperglycemia, suggesting residual β-cell function.

Women suffering a myocardial infarction (MI) are more likely than men of the same age to present without chest pain and have higher in-hospital mortality.

Excess mortality rates persist among adults with young-onset diabetes, and are mainly due to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Adults with heart failure have an increased risk of major osteoporotic fractures, independent of traditional risk factors and bone mineral density, according to a study published online Jan. 18 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

Consuming 200 milligrams or more of caffeine per day—roughly equivalent to two cups of coffee—can either increase or decrease a woman’s estrogen level, depending on her ethnic background and the source of the caffeine, a study from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) finds.

For individuals with type 2 diabetes, continuous moderate-intensity exercise in hypoxia provides the greatest improvements in acute and moderate-term glucose control, according to a study published online Jan. 25 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

Postmenopausal women receiving the aromatase inhibitor exemestane to prevent breast cancer are more likely to have bone loss, according to a study published online Feb. 7 in The Lancet Oncology.

Fructose binds to sweet taste receptors on beta cells, activating a signaling pathway that potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, according to an experimental study published online Feb. 6 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In patients with type 2 diabetes whose blood sugar cannot be controlled by lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, metformin monotherapy should be prescribed initially, according to new guidelines from the American College of Physicians published in the Feb. 7 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine.

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved Jentadueto, a type 2 diabetes treatment that combines two drugs (linagliptin and metformin) in a single pill.

Consumption of sugar, which helps to drive the obesity crisis and causes millions of deaths worldwide each year, should be controlled like other threats to public health, a team of researchers from the University of California San Francisco argue in the Feb. 2 issue of Nature.

Rare variants of the melatonin receptor 1B gene are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a study published online Jan. 29 in Nature Genetics.

Treating children with type 1 diabetes with the 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase formulated with alum does not significantly change levels of stimulated serum C-peptide during 15 months of follow-up, according to a study published in the Feb. 2 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes have impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after exposure to insulin compared with healthy individuals, according to a study published in the February issue of Diabetes.

Long-term use of the diabetes drug metformin is associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer only in women, while long-term use of sulfonylureas and insulin are associated with a significantly higher risk of pancreatic cancer, according to a study published online Jan. 31 in the American Journal of Gastroenterology.

In adolescents, consumption of fructose is associated with multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk, and this association seems to be mediated by visceral adipose tissue, according to a study published in the Feb. 1 issue of the Journal of Nutrition.

Poor sleep is connected to a significantly increased risk for major cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and coronary artery disease, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine have found.

According to a study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), more than 32 million people in the United States have proteins created by the immune system that target the body’s tissues. Known as autoantibodies, these proteins are typically markers for autoimmunity, which can result in conditions such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.’s Bydureon as the first once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes after several years of delays due to concerns over the drug’s safety.