New Research Connects Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease with HCV Infections
A team of investigators review global HCV infection rates in an attempt to quantify HCV-associated cardiovascular disease.
In a new meta-analysis, investigators discover the global link between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections.
A team led by Kuan Ken Lee, MD, of the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, reviewed various databases for longitudinal studies that evaluated the risk ratio (RR) of cardiovascular disease in people with and without an HCV infection and calculated the pooled RR of cardiovascular disease associated with HCV using a random-effect model.
The investigators also used a population attributable fraction and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from HCV-associated cardiovascular disease at the national, regional, and global level.
They also used age-stratified and sex-stratified HCV prevalence estimates and cardiovascular DALYs for 100 countries, representing more than 85% of the global population, where more than 89% of all HCV viral infections are estimated to occur.
The team ultimately identified 36 observational studies from 51 countries involving 341,739 HCV patients with pooled RR for cardiovascular disease of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.18—1.39) and found that patients with HCV had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those without HCV (pooled RR 1.28, 95% CI, 1.18–1.39).
When stratified by outcome, the RR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.00—1.28) for myocardial infarction, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19–1.60) for stroke, and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.24–1.55) for cardiovascular mortality.
The team found those with a HCV and HIV co-infection had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those with an HIV mono-infection (RR 1.20, 95% CI, 1.09—1.32), highlighting the importance of risk stratification because HIV patients are twice as likely to have cardiovascular events than those without HIV.
There are currently 70 million people worldwide suffering from an HCV infection, the majority of which are from low-and-middle-income countries in south Asia, eastern Europe, north Africa and the Middle East. However, only 2 of the studies included in the review originated in low-and-moderate-income countries.
“Our findings show that people with HCV infection have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those without,” the authors wrote. “The global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to HCV accounted for a substantial number of disability-adjusted life-years in 2015, and the majority of the burden was borne by low-income and middle-income countries.”
HCV infection has been linked to in the past with several other conditions, including type 2 diabetes, which is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor.
In recent years there has also been research connecting HCV with the development of atherosclerosis.
“Whether eradication of HCV infection reduces future risk of adverse cardiovascular events should be further explored in randomized controlled trials of direct-acting antivirals to investigate this finding,” the authors wrote. “The link between HCV and cardiovascular disease has important implications for the formulation of health policies and resource allocation, particularly in regions with limited health-care resources, where chronic HCV infection remains prevalent and cardiovascular disease burden is increasing.”
The investigators also said direct-acting antiviral therapies that have the ability to achieve a sustained virological response in more than 90% of HCV patients is a promising development, enabling the prevention of both hepatic and extrahepatic complications of infections with a shorter duration of treatment and fewer adverse events than previous generations of antiviral therapies.
