Michael R. Page, PharmD, RPh
Articles by Michael R. Page, PharmD, RPh

In patients with chronic HBV, the immune system may have very low levels of the virus. When reactivation occurs due to immunosuppression, these viruses begin to replicate again. Common symptoms of this event include inflammation of the liver and elevations of liver enzyme levels in the blood. In some cases, bilirubin levels may rise in response to reactivation of infection.

Lemtrada (alemtuzumab) injection is approved for the management of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). In general, use of Lemtrada should be limited to patients with MS who have not had therapeutic success with 2 or more prior treatments.

Although multiple sclerosis is likely a result of multifactorial influences, there is some evidence that viruses play a role in the disease.

Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are a known component of a centuries-old herbal medicine, have been used for over 50 years as a topical treatment for psoriasis, and most recently, have demonstrated efficacy in treating relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis.